Five Ways to Eat Florida Betony

     So you’ve found some Stachys floridana, Florida Betony, and have heard lots of lovely things about how they taste, but you have no idea where to start. You’ve come to the right place. I have decided to share five of my favorite Stachys recipes with you. All of these recipes involve the root, and some even involve the leaves and/or flowers. I hope they give you some ideas of how to prepare this tasty Florida native.



1. Pickled Betony and other Veggies (Lactofermentation method). This recipe is actually a mixture of veggies, but you can just use a single one if you want. It’s based on the Italian Giardiniera or pickled mixed vegetables. I use a few different wildcrafted Florida plants here, but you can use store bought ones as well.

Florida Giardiniera

4 cups Florida Betony Tubers

2 cups sliced Carrots

1 ½ cups sliced Red Onion

2 cups sliced Celery

2 cups Purslane

2 cups sliced Hearts of Palm (Saw Palmetto hearts)

2 thinly sliced Jalepenos (leave the seeds in if you want more heat)

3-5 Garlic Cloves peeled and thinly sliced

1 sprig fresh Thyme

2 Bay Leaves

3 tablespoons Sea Salt (do not use iodized salt for fermentation)

6 cups filtered mineral Water (using tap water may prevent fermentation)

* 1-2 Grape leaves for each fermentation vessel you are using

Instructions:
     Prepare your brine by dissolving the salt in water. Mix all the ingredients except the brine in a large bowl. Add them to the Fermenting Vessel(s) of your choice (I tend to use mason jars) packing them down as you go. Fill each jar with the brine, leaving 1½ - 2 inches of headroom (the space at the top), between the rim of the jar and the top of the vegetables. Weight the vegetables so they are completely submerged in the brine. Place a1-2 grape leaves on top of your veggies. This will help prevent the formation of mold and the tannins from the grape leaves will help you veggies stay crunchy. Cover the top of the vessel with a lid, coffee filter, paper towel, cheese cloth, or tea towel. Be sure to secure towels with a very tight rubber band or the ring from the canning jars. Place the jar out of direct light. Ferment at room temperature 4 days before checking the flavor. If you prefer the flavor more sour, continue fermenting. If to your taste transfer the jars to the refrigerator. Burp the jars once daily (to release any built-up gasses) the giardiniera does continue to ferment while in the refrigerator. I usually prefer mine at 1 week, but you can allow the fermentation to continue up to 6 weeks.



2. Florida Betony Refrigerator Pickles. This is a simple, and tasty method of pickling. No cooking or waiting necessary with this recipe. Simply put all the ingredients in a jar and leave them overnight. They’ll be ready to eat the next day.

Betony Refrigerator Pickles

Enough Betony Tubers to fill your jar mostly full, with a little space at the top

1/4 cup Sweet Onion, sliced

1 teaspoon powdered Turmeric

1/2 cup Apple Cider Vinegar

1/2 cup Water

2 cloves Garlic, smashed

1 ½ teaspoons Sea Salt

¼ teaspoon Sugar or Honey

¼ teaspoon whole Peppercorns

¼ teaspoon whole Mustard Seeds

Instructions:
     Pack a clean pint-sized jar with sliced cucumbers, onion slices, and dill sprigs. Leave a ½ inch of space at the top of the jar for liquid. In a small pot heat the vinegar, water, garlic, and all spices until the mixture comes to a simmer and salt and sugar/honey dissolves. Cool the brine down to warm and fill the jar so everything is covered with brine. Close the lid tightly and refrigerate for over night before eating.


3. Betony as a Pasta Substitute? Yes! Some of you may be familiar with a type of pasta called Gnocchi. Betony can be substituted in any recipe that calls for that pasta. This is one of my favorite recipes that does just that. For those of you that eat meat, you can easily add shrimp, chicken, or prosciutto to this dish and it’s just fabulous!

Florida Betony with Asparagus and Lemon Garlic Sauce

1 pound Betony Tubers

1 bunch of Asparagus

4 tablespoons Olive Oil

1 small Sweet Onion, chopped

3 cloves Garlic, smashed and chopped

2 tablespoons All Purpose Flour (I use Gluten free)

¼ cup Vegetable Stock

1 cup Almond Milk

1 tablespoon Lemon Juice

1 teaspoon Lemon Zest

Salt and Pepper to taste

Instructions:
     Preheat your oven to 400 degrees F. Bring a large pot of salty water to a boil and get a bowl of ice water handy. Boil the Betony tubers for 2 minutes, then move them to the ice water to cool, then set aside. Meanwhile, wash the asparagus and snap off the woody ends. Chop the asparagus into bite size (1-2 inch) pieces. Add the asparagus to a baking sheet Drizzle 2 teaspoons of oil over the asparagus, and rub it around with your hand to make sure it's all coated. Sprinkle with salt and pepper. Bake at 400 for 9-10 minutes. The asparagus is done when it can easily be speared with a fork. Coat the bottom of a large pot with 2 tablespoons of olive oil and place it over medium heat. When the oil is hot, add the onion and sauté for about 5 minutes, until soft and translucent. Add the garlic and continue to sauté for about 30 second more, until very fragrant. Stir in the flour. Cook for about 2 minutes, until the flour forms a smooth paste and coats the onions. Stir in the vegetable stock, and bring the liquid to a simmer. Allow to simmer for about 4 minutes, until reduced by half. Stir in the almond milk. Bring it to a boil, lower heat and allow it to simmer for about 5 minutes, stirring occasionally, until smooth and thick. Stir in the lemon juice, zest, Betony and Asparagus. Cook about 30 second more, stirring to coat the vegetables with the sauce. Remove from heat and season with salt and pepper. Serve hot and enjoy!


4. Soup is my favorite comfort food. So why not add one of my favorite Florida vegetables to it? Check out this delicious and comforting recipe that uses the root, leaves, and flowers of Stachys floridana.

Easy Veggie Soup

2 tablespoons Olive Oil

1 ½ cups Yellow Onion, chopped

2 cups Carrots, peeled and chopped

1 ¼ cups Celery, chopped

4 cloves Garlic, crushed and minced

2 pints Vegetable Stock

2 (14.5 oz) cans Diced Tomatoes (undrained)

3 cups Betony Tubers

1 ½ cups fresh Green Beans, cut

1 cup frozen or fresh Peas

½ cup chopped Betony Leaves

¼ cup chopped Parsley

2 Bay Leaves

½ teaspoon dried Thyme

Salt and Pepper to taste

*optional fresh Betony Flowers for garnish

Instructions:
     Heat olive oil in a large pot over medium-high heat. Add onions, carrots, and celery and saute 4 minutes then add garlic and saute 30 seconds longer. Add in broth, tomatoes, Betony tubers, Betony leaves, parsley, bay leaves, thyme, and season with salt and pepper to taste. Bring to a boil, then add green beans and peas. Reduce heat to medium-low, cover and simmer about 20 - 30 minutes.



5. Salad is the easiest way to add different vegetables into your diet. This one makes use of fresh Betony tubers, leaves, and flowers.

Cucumber, Betony, and Wild Greens Salad

1 small Sweet Onion, finely chopped

¼ cup Avocado Oil

¼ cup Red Wine Vinegar

Salt and Pepper to taste

1 ½ pounds Cucumbers, cut into ½ inch pieces

1 pound Betony Tubers, sliced thin

2 cups fresh Parsley Leaves, coarsely chopped

¼ cup Betony Leaves, chopped

¼ cup Betony Flowers

¼ cup young Spanish Needle Leaves, chopped

¼ cup Peppergrass Leaves, chopped

Instructions:
     Whisk onion, oil, and vinegar in a large bowl. Add all the veggies and toss to coat. Season with salt and pepper. Enjoy!





     Do these sound tasty? Let me know what you think! Feel free to play around with these recipes and make them your own! I’d love for you to share your experiences! If you have any questions or comments please leave them below. Follow me on Facebook and Instagram for updates. Find me on YouTube and check out my videos! I also have a few things up on Teespring, check it out! Also, if you like what I do and what to see more, Become a Patron!

Florida Betony

     Alright. It’s time for a soapbox. The word “invasive.”

“You keep using that word. I do not think it means what you think it means.” – Inigo Montoya, The Princess Bride. 

     I hear people use the word “invasive” all the time. In most cases, it’s used correctly. However, there are several plants where it is definitely NOT used correctly. If you live in Florida, and use this word to describe Florida Betony, you are not using the word in the correct manner.

in·va·sive

/inˈvāsiv/

An invasive organism is one that has arrived in a place from somewhere else and has a harmful effect on that place (Cambridge Dictionary)

     You see, Florida Betony, Stachys floridana, is native to Florida, and until it was moved to other Southeastern states during the 1940s or 1950s (in nursery containers), it was endemic to Florida (meaning it was ONLY found in Florida). Thanks to those accidental volunteers in nursery containers, it is now found from Texas to North Carolina. So if you live anywhere but Florida, and you’re referring to this plant, feel free to keep calling it invasive. However, those of us in Florida should refrain from describing such a lovely little native as invasive.

     Soapbox over.

     You see, this is one of my favorite natives. And yes, it is quite tenacious and will take over your lovely garden beds. But I welcome it into mine. It’s absolutely delicious and one of my favorite wild edibles. However, it’s also a great herb to get to know for it’s medicinal properties as well.

     Wood Betony, Stachys officinalis, is a very very close cousin to Stachys floridana, and the two plants can be used, mostly, interchangeably. The main difference is that our little Betony doesn’t pack quite the punch that Wood Betony does. However, for centuries Wood Betony was thought to be the best herb to use in almost every situation. The people of ancient Greece felt this plant was more important than clothing. They thought it could cure at least 47 disease states and even had magical powers to keep away evil spirits. These beliefs held on through the Roman Empire and into the Middle Ages where both men and women wore betony amulets to ward off evil. Some claim the name Betony derives from the Celtic word bewton (“good for the head”), referring to its use for cerebral afflictions, such as headaches, nervousness and even hangovers. The herb’s reputation for healing continued well into the 17th century, when Betony was used to treat asthma, bronchitis, kidney problems, excess sweating and to purge the body of worms. In the Middle Ages, it was also the principal remedy used to exercise demons.

     Stachys floridana is an aggressive, perennial herb typically found in lawns, gardens, and landscapes. It has been called wild artichoke, but it is not related to the artichoke, it is actually a member of the Mint or Lamiaceae family. This plant produces quite a few seeds, but it’s main means of reproduction is by rhizomes and tubers, which is why it’s so hard to eradicate from gardens. Small segments of these rhizomes can sprout into new plants or the tuber may be transported to a new area. The only real way to control this plant in your garden is hand-pulling, with careful removal of all the tubers. The plants are characterized by hairy, erect stems reaching 19 inches high that are square in cross-section with flowers in long clusters, heads, or interrupted whorls on the stem. The distinctive pale-colored tuber is segmented in such a way that it resembles the rattle on the tail of a rattlesnake (or a grub), hence the common name of Rattlesnake Weed. The oppositely arranged leaves have blades up to 2 inches long. Flowers grow in clusters of 3 to 6 from the upper leaf axils. The tubular, hairy calyx of sepals has pointed lobes. The two-lipped corolla is up to a 1/2 inch long and white to pink with purple spots. The fruit is a schizocarp less than an inch long that splits in half.

     As I mentioned above, this is one of my favorite wild edibles. The leaves are slightly bitter, but when mixed with other fresh greens, can make a pleasant salad. The flowers are also edible and tasty. However, the tastiest part of this plant is the tuber. It’s mild and earthy, crunchy, and reminds me of a mild radish or even water chestnut. I’m also not the only person to think this way. Another close relative, Stachys affinis or Crosnes, is famous for it’s tubers and those tubers can fetch the hefty price of $150.00 per pound. There’s a great little write-up and recipe for them here. Now, our little Betony may not fetch that high of a price, but I find them super delicious. I toss them into a surprisingly large number of dishes, from salads to soups, sauteed up with a little butter and/or olive oil, yum. But my favorite way to eat them is pickled. They make a great little refrigerator pickle, just add some seasoning and some vinegar and plop them in the fridge. Or you can ferment them. Here’s a post I made on Fermented Lemons a while back. Just substitute the tubers for the lemons, or get really crazy and try both in the same jar!

Here's a video where you can see this great plant in the wild!

Medicinal Uses:

Common Names- Florida Betony, Florida Hedgenettle, Rattlesnake Weed, Rattlesnake Root, Wild Artichoke

Scientific Name-  Stachys floridana

Edibility- The whole plant is edible, but the root is a choice edible.

Summary of Actions- Alterative, anodyne, antidiarrheal, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anti-tumor, antiseptic, aphrodisiac, aromatic, astringent, bitter, cardio tonic, cholagogue, diaphoretic,  emmenagogue, expectorant, mucolytic, nervine, nervous system trophorestorative, sedative, stomachic, styptic, tonic, and vulnerary

Parts Used- The whole plant

Upper Respiratory, Cold, & Flu- A tea or tincture made from the leaves of this mint, not only tastes wonderful, but can help to soothe a sore throat, open up blocked airways, and fight mild fevers.

Headaches- Much like it’s close cousin, Florida Betony can be used to ease headaches, especially headaches accompanied by anxiety or digestive upset. It also has been shown to be effective in some migraine cases, but not as potent as it’s cousin, Wood Betony.

Anxiety, Sleep, and Psychological Health- Wood Betony has historically been used as a remedy for all “head” related conditions. It’s cousin, Florida Betony, can be used in much the same way. It helps to calm anxiety, for which I’d recommend a tea as the act of brewing the tea itself can be soothing as well. It is also a great nervous system tonic, helping to soothe frayed nerves. In many cases, it’s also a mild sedative, especially when the sleepless condition is brought about from anxiety and/or over-thinking.

Panacea- This little herb can be used in just about any herbal formula. It’s helpful to each and every system of the body, and especially to the nervous system. This makes it a great herb to get to know. Historically it was used as a panacea (all heal, or cure-all), and it’s close cousin Wood Betony was even used as such in ancient Greece, where it was known to treat over 47 different maladies.

Skin & Wound Care- The astringent properties of this little herb, especially combined with the antimicrobial properties, make it a wonderful choice for skin and wound care. Not only will it help to cleanse any minor wounds you have, it’ll encourage your skin to heal. A strong tea may also make a great face wash for acne.

Digestive System- Florida Betony can be used to help reduce any ulcers. It’s also a great herb to help treat diarrhea. But this is also where the roots shine. The tubers are delicious, and this alone is a great reason to eat them, but they also are a wonderful prebiotic food. This means that the fibers are not fully digestible, but they are a great food source for beneficial bacteria. Consuming Betony tubers can promote the over-all health of your gut flora which is a great benefit for your whole body.

Cautions, Contraindications, and Warnings- Florida Betony is considered to be a safe herb to use, even in substantial doses, for the young or old, and during pregnancy or breastfeeding.





     I only included a basic introduction to this delicious and usevul Florida native. If you have any questions or comments please leave them below. Follow me on Facebook and Instagram or updates on my adventures in Nature. Find me on YouTube and check out my videos! I also have a few things up on Teespring, check it out! Also, if you like what I do and what to see more, Become a Patron!

Resources:

Betony, Wood: A Modern Herbal: https://botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/b/betowo35.html

Betony- Rich Root, Poor Root: Eat The Weeds: http://www.eattheweeds.com/florida-betony-150-a-pound/

Edible and Medicinal Plants: Native Plant Consulting: https://www.nativeplantconsulting.com/Edible%20and%20Medicinal%20Plants.pdf

Florida Betony- Both Native Edible and Weed: University of Florida: https://nwdistrict.ifas.ufl.edu/hort/2014/07/15/florida-betony-both-edible-native-and-weed/

Florida Betony (Stachys floridana): The Family Herbalist: https://thefamilyherbalist.wordpress.com/2010/12/09/florida-betony-stachys-floridana/

Florida’s Raddish- Betony: The Florida School of Holistic Living: https://www.holisticlivingschool.org/floridas-radish-betony/

Herb to Know- Wood Betony: Mother Earth Living: https://www.motherearthliving.com/plant-profile/wood-betony

Plant of the Month- Florida Betony: The Florida School of Holistic Living: https://www.holisticlivingschool.org/plant-of-the-month-florida-betony/

Stachys Floridana: North Carolina Extension Gardener: https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/stachys-floridana/

Wood Betony: The Medicinal Herb Gardens at ONU: https://webstu.onu.edu/garden/node/441

Wood Betony: Richard Whelan: https://www.rjwhelan.co.nz/herbs%20A-Z/wood_betony.html

Wood Betony- A Monograph: Eclectic School of Herbal Medicine: https://www.eclecticschoolofherbalmedicine.com/wood-betony-monograph/

Wood Betony Stachys officinalis: Annie’s Remedy: https://www.anniesremedy.com/stachys-officinalis-wood-betony.php

Five Tea Blends for Respiratory Health

       Everyone is concerned about the health of their respiratory system these days, and with good reason. I figured that I’d share some of my favorite teas (or tisanes) for respiratory health. Most of these are just your standard, loose leaf, herbal teas. The first one is the most complicated, but is a personal favorite for the flavor and the benefits. Enjoy!

Brewing Your Tea:

For a Cup:

1) Use 1 to 2 teaspoons of the loose leaf tea blend for one cup of tea. You can either use a large tea ball (2 inch diameter so the leaves can expand).
2) Pour just boiled water over the herbs, cover, and let steep for 20 to 30 minutes. Generally, herbal teas take a little longer to steep than black or green tea. The longer steep time allows you to obtain the most benefits from the leaves/flowers. You can let it go even longer for an even stronger tea. Just do some taste testing and find out what times work best for your tastes!
3) Sweeten (or not) to taste.


For a Quart Amount to Drink & Enjoy All Day:

1) Put about an inch (and even a bit more)of the herbal tea in the bottom of a quart size Mason Jar.
2) Pour just boiled water over the top to within about an inch and a half from the top of the jar.
3) Put a lid on loosely (Steeping with a lid keeps the volatile oils and beneficial plant constituents inside your tea instead of allowing them to escape with the steam.)
4) Allow to steep for at least 30 minutes....or like we do, just leave for several hours (you can even leave it over night). It will cool down, of course, so if you don't mind cooled and very strong tea, this is a good way to go.
5) Strain out the herbs.
6) Sweeten (or not) and enjoy throughout your day!

The Blends:

1. Chai Tea is a traditional tea made with warming spices that are great for the respiratory tract. This version replaces the black tea with a combination of Tulsi and Rooibos, so it’s safe for those who can’t handle the caffine. Cardamom increases circulation of blood within your lungs which helps relieve breathing problems. Ginger helps to break down mucus and helps improve circulation to the lungs while reducing inflammation. Cinnamon helps fight various kinds of infection, espeically those specific to the lungs. Black pepper contains a chemical called piperine, which improves breathing and reduces inflammation. Cloves work as an expectorant, loosening mucus in the throat and esophagus. Tulsi helps prevent certain respiratory illnesses ranging from cold and cough to bronchitis and asthma. Rooibos has long been sought after for its ability to clear the sinus and respiratory system.

     One of my favorite things to do when making this tea is to crush and lightly toast the spices before I use them in this blend. Toasting is totally optional. This recipe is also not written in the same way that I have written the others, it’s made to make 3 cups at a time. If you want more, simply double or triple the recipe.

Tulsi Chai

2 tbsp loose leaf Rooibos

2 tbsp loose leaf Tulsi

6-8 Green Cardamom Pods

2-4 slices fresh Ginger

1 tsp whole Black Peppercorns

1 whole Cinnamon Stick

3-4 whole Cloves

2 cups Water

2 cups Milk or Dairy-free Milk of your choice

Instructions:
     Gently crush your spices (cardamom pods, peppercorns, cinnamon stick, cloves) and place them in an oven safe dish and toast at 350 F for 5-10 min (toasting is optional, but opens up the spices so much). Combine your toasted spices with Ginger in a pot on the stove. Bring to a boil and reduce to a simmer on medium/high heat. Allow to simmer, uncovered, for about 15 minutes. Remove from heat and add in the Rooibos and Tulsi. Cover and allow to steep for 10-15 minutes. Remove cover, add in the milk and any sweetener you may want (I prefer honey or unsweetened personally). Re-cover and allow to steep 5 more minutes. Strain and enjoy!


2. Hibiscus may not be the herb we typically think about in regards to the respiratory tract, but it does have some great benefits. This tea is a tasty way to support your lungs, especially during cold and flu season. Hibiscus is used for treating colds, upper respiratory tract pain, and inflammation. Elderberry reduces the duration of upper respiratory symptoms like cough, nasal congestion, nasal discharge, and sore throat. Licorice has been used traditionally for cough, asthma, and other breathing problems. Orange peels contain histamine reducing compounds and provide support for problematic respiratory conditions by breaking down and expelling congestion.

Sweet Hibiscus

2 parts Hibiscus

1 part Elderberries

½ part Licorice Root

½ part dried Orange Peel

3. This tea is one of the simplest to make, and has a huge impact on breathing. It opens up the respiratory tract before you even take a sip. So brew it up, sit back, and take some deep breaths. Peppermint helps you to breathe easier, opening up your lungs, and helping to expel mucus. Lemon Verbena helps soothe the respiratory tract. Eucalyptus can decrease mucus and expand the bronchi and bronchioles of your lungs.

Deep Breaths

2 parts Peppermint

1 part Lemon Verbena

½ part Eucalyptus Leaves

4. This tea is formulated with Asthma suffereres in mind. Mullein is a great herb for lung support, in general (read more here), but Ginkgo Biloba has a special role in this tea blend. Ginkgo specifically targets the mechanisms that cause wheezing. Larger doses may cause nausea, so it’s regulated to a smaller portion of this blend. Marshmallow roots help to soothe the mucus membranes, Hawthorne berries help to reduce stress and nervousness (which often constrict breathing), and Ginger root helps reduce inflammation and improve the general health of the lungs.

Wheeze Eaze

2 parts Mullein

1 part Ginkgo Biloba

1 part Marshmallow Root

½ part Hawthorne Berries

½ part Ginger Root

5. This is my super expectorant formula. It may not taste as good as some other blends, but it seriously does the trick. Lemon Balm Traditional respiratory uses of Lemon Balm include: asthma, bronchitis, chronic coughs, colds and influenza. Coltsfoot and Comfrey are the expectorant powerhouse of this formula. Coltsfoot is used as a respiratory disinfectant, expectorant, and cough suppressant and makes an effective tea to clear congestion. Comfrey has a general soothing effect on the mucous membranes, making it invaluable in soothing sore throats and coughs. Marshmallow is used for dry cough.

Cough It Up

2 parts Lemon Balm

1 part Coltsfoot

1 part Comfrey

½ part Marshmallow

     Do these sound tasty? Let me know what you think! If you have any questions or comments please leave them below. Follow me on Facebook and Instagram for updates. Find me on YouTube and check out my videos! I also have a few things up on Teespring, check it out! Also, if you like what I do and what to see more, Become a Patron!

Mullein

     Today I thought I’d share with you a plant that is fairly famous in the herbal world, and infamous in the world of ecology. Mullein has a number of medicinal uses, and is an herb I call on for many issues in my home. However, it’s invasive as heck and has a tendency to disrupt a number of native habitats here in the US. It was brought over here, from Europe, by the settlers. Likely due to a combination of it’s usefulness in a number of medicinal complaints, and it’s folk use as an herb for protection from evil spirits. Of course, since it spreads fast and likes to follow people around, the Native American tribes picked up on the uses for this plant. However, there is a debate on whether the Native Americans learned of these uses from the settlers, or vice versa. Likely, there was a fairly even exchange going both ways, especially since we know the settlers rarely used the roots, but a number of Native Americans used the root quite often. However, I’m going to take us back to the folk uses for a brief tangent. Mullein was always considered by the ancients as a plant of protection from dark forces. It was the plant Ulysses took with him on his famous sea voyage to protect himself from the enchantress Circe. In India mullein is considered a safeguard against evil spirits. Medieval Europeans dipped the plant in suet and used it as a torch during ceremonies or when overcoming the presumed evil. Later, the European settlers would wear the leaves around their wrists and ankles to protect themselves from the evil winds that carried diseases such as malaria.

     Mullein, Verbascum thapsus, is a plant in the Scrophulariaceae family, or the Figwort family. This family is closely related to the Mint family, or Lamiaceae, and shares some of the characteristics such as square stems and opposite leaves. However, when the leaves are crushed you will not notice a strong scent, or really much of any scent at all. First-year plants form a rosette of large, velvety leaves up to 1 foot long. These rosettes can grow up to 3 feet tall. In the second year, a velvety flower spike grows to 8 feet tall. The stalk has alternate leaves that clasp the stem, a nifty arrangement that directs rainwater down the stem to the roots. From June to September, five-petaled yellow flowers bloom randomly in the dense, club-shaped terminal cluster. The three upper stamens, which are short and woolly, contain a sap that lures insects to the plant. The two lower stamens, which are longer and smooth, produce the pollen that fertilizes the flower. Mullein is a widely distributed plant, being found all over Europe and in temperate Asia as far as the Himalayas, and in North America. However, it is native to Europe, North Africa, and Asia, with highest species diversity in the Mediterranean. It is invasive in this country, which is good news for herbalists who can harvest and use as much as they want want. Usually I caution to not take all of a plant to preserve the native habitat, but in this case over harvesting will help preserve the native habitat (in the US)! While we’re on the topic of harvesting, many herbalists harvest the leaves in first year only, but as long as you harvest the leaves before any flowers bloom it should be just as potent, and you can still get benefit from the leaves throughout the life of the plant, as long as they’re not brown. The thought process behind this is that when the flowers bloom, all the energy of the plant is focused in those flowers. This reduces potency in other parts of the plant.

     If you take a close look at this plant, and think about the doctrine of signatures, you’ll notice little hairs on leaves that resemble the cilia of the lungs. This points to the main use of this herb, for upper respiratory complaints and infections. Mullein soothes the mucus membranes, cilia, and inflamed tissues in the respiratory tract. It’s also a great antibacterial and antiviral herb, which helps to fight those kinds of infections along the way. Those hairs also help the leaf to be fairly soft and absorbent, making them great to use, in an emergency, as bandages, toilet paper, and diapers. Though you may want to do a spot test to make sure those hairs aren’t going to irritate your skin.

     One of the YouTube channels I follow is full of great herbal information. Check out Herbal Jedi and see what Yarrow Willard has to say about Mullein.

Medicinal Uses:

Common Names- Mullein, Common Mullein, Great Mullein, Cowboy Toilet Paper, Bunny’s Ear, Flannel Leaf, Candlewick Plant, Hag Tapper, Jacob’s Staff, Jupiter’s Staff, Aaron’s Rod, Fluffweed, Golden Rod

Scientific Name- Verbascum thapsus

Edibility- Considered to be inedible, but it’s not toxic.

Summary of Actions- Adrenal tonic, analgesic, anesthetic, anodyne, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antiviral, astringent, demulcent, diuretic, emollient, expectorant, mucolytic, relaxant, sedative, and trophorestorative.

Parts Used- Leaves, flowers, and root

Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM)- Known as Jia Yan Ye, Mullein is used on the lung, stomach, and intestinal meridians. It’s flavors and energetics are considered to be a little Sweet, Astringent, Bland, Cool, and Moistening. It promotes Lung Yin, moistens sore throat and lungs, coughs, and asthma. Expels phlegm, helping in cases of whooping cough as well as coughs with yellow or white phlegm. Reduces inflammation and dry mucous dampness associated with nasal and head congestion, watery discharge, hay fever, chronic intestinal infections, and painful urination. Soothes bladder irritation due to any cause. Softens boils and expels pus in wounds and irritated skin conditions.

Traditional Native American Uses- Some Native Americans also used the plant’s roots. The Creek Indians drank a decoction of the roots for coughs; other tribes smoked the roots or dried leaves to treat asthma. Some tribes also made necklaces, from the dried roots, for teething babies. The Cherokee rubbed mullein leaves in their armpits to treat “prickly rash.” Leaf poultices were used to treat bruises, tumors, rheumatic pains and hemorrhoids. Mullein flower oil (made by steeping the flowers in warm olive oil) also has been used for treating hemorrhoids, as well as earaches. Menominee tribe smoked the pulverized dried roots for respiratory complaints. The Mohgans smoked it to relieve asthma.

Smoking Herb- A number of Native American tribes would smoke Mullein after having smoked a bit too much tobacco, to help the lungs recover. It’s also a good smoking herb to help reduce smoker’s cough, that dry and raspy cough. Some other herbs, like coltsfoot, can be added to the smoking blend to help soothe the irritated tissues of the respiratory tract as well. If you don’t want to smoke it, try burning it as an incense.

Flower Essence- Used for those who have difficulty hearing their inner voice. Those with a weak moral fiber, often leading to confusion and indecisiveness. Those who use lies or deception with themselves and others. Mullein flower essence relates to men who are searching for true intimacy and security in expressing a soft, gentle, humble nature, or for women who want to strengthen yet soften their masculine nature. Mullein flower essence also helps soften the edges of people who have become hardened by events in their life.

Upper Respiratory, Cold, & Flu- Mullein tea is most well known for relieving the symptoms of asthma and soothing the mucus membranes of the respiratory tract. The flowers and leaves are used for treating a wide range of respiratory ailments, such as cold and flu, tuberculosis, bronchitis, pneumonia, asthma, tonsillitis, and tracheitis. It also has antiviral and antibacterial properties that make it perfect for treating those infections. Mullien mixed with horehound, coltsfoot, and lobelia makes a great tea for most upper respiratory conditions.

Ear Infections- Tea made from the leaves, and flower infused oil are traditional ear infection treatments. The oil seems to be the most potent, particularly when accompanied with a gentle lymphatic massage around the ear and along the jawline. Adding other herbs, such as Garlic or St. John’s Wort, can help improve the effectiveness of Mullein oil as well.

Lymphatic System- Mullein leaves or flowers can be applied as a compress to any instance of glandular swelling. Mullein leaves be made into a strong decoction, then that water can be used to wet more leaves that then can applied externally over any glandular swelling. A decoction of the root can also be taken internally to help improve the overall function of the lymphatic system.

Urinary System- Mullein root is excellent remedy for treating urinary incontinence and loss of urinary control due to a swollen prostate because it tones and strengthens the trigone sphincter at the base of the bladder. Mullein root also has mild astringent properties which reduce inflammation in the mucosa of the bladder. It does not irritate or over stimulate bladder or kidney function. Mullein root can be used as a long term tonic for individuals with urinary incontinence, recurring bladder infections, interstitial cystitis, and benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH). A tea made from the leaves can also help to strengthen the bladder, remove toxins from the kidneys, and improve overall urinary function.

Bruises, Burns, & Skin Conditions- Mullein leaves possesses anti-inflammatory properties that help treat skin problems. You can also use the flowers, infused in oil, to get relief from a variety of skin infections, eczema, and other inflammatory skin conditions. Boil the leaves, just until tender, and spread the leaf onto burns, bruises, sores, and wounds to help reduce inflammation, protect against infection, and soothe any aches.

Hyperthyroidism- Some evidence suggests that intake of mullein tea may improve thyroid-related problems. The tea may help treat hypothyroidism (an overactive thyroid gland). A formula created by a noted doctor had mullein as one of its constituents. This formula was specifically targeted to treat thyroid issues. However, more research is needed.

Domestic & Practical Uses- A yellow dye extracted from the flowers has been used since Roman times as a hair rinse as well as to dye cloth. The whole plant can be used to make torches, and the flower stalks have traditionally been coated with tallow and made into candle wicks. The dried leaves and stalk are also useful as tinder and fire-starters. The leaves are soft and absorbent so they can be used as makeshift bandages and toilet paper.

Cautions, Contraindications, and Warnings- Mullein is widely considered safe. This herb may cause skin irritation for some people, so be sure to exercise caution if you’re handling the herb directly, and the tiny hairs of the plant can also irritate your throat and other mucus membranes. It’s a good idea to see how you react to a small amount of mullein before consuming it or smearing it on your body. And always strain the tea thoroughly to remove any stray hairs. This herb also has several drug interactions, so please consult your doctor before adding this to your daily routine.






     I only included a basic introduction to this wonderful Florida native. If you have any questions or comments please leave them below. Follow me on Facebook and Instagram or updates on my adventures in Nature. Find me on YouTube and check out my videos! I also have a few things up on Teespring, check it out! Also, if you like what I do and what to see more, Become a Patron!

Resources:

11 Impressive Health Benefits of Mullein Tea: Style Craze: https://www.stylecraze.com/articles/health-benefits-of-mullein-tea/

Health Benefits of Mullein: Very Well Health: https://www.verywellhealth.com/the-benefits-of-mullein-89575

Herb to Know- Mullein (Verbascum thapsus): Mother Earth Living: https://www.motherearthliving.com/plant-profile/herb-to-know-mullein-verbascum-thapsus

Mullein: Wild Rose College of Natural Healing: https://wildrosecollege.com/encyclopaedia_entry/mullein-fe/

Mullein Flowers (Verbascum thapsus): Planet Ayurveda: https://www.planetayurveda.com/mullein-flowers-verbascum-thapsus/

Mullein, Great: A Modern Herbal: https://botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/m/mulgre63.html

Mullein (Jia Yan Ye): White Rabbit Institute of Healing: https://www.whiterabbitinstituteofhealing.com/herbs/Mullein/

Mullein- The Medicinal Herb that Fights Infections and Inflammation: Dr. Axe: https://draxe.com/nutrition/mullein/

Mullein, Verbascum thapsus: Traditional Roots Institute: https://traditionalroots.org/mullein-verbascum-thapsus/

Verbascum thapsus: Hebpathy: https://herbpathy.com/Uses-and-Benefits-of-Verbascum-Thapsus-Cid2841

What is Mullein Tea? Benefits, Side Effects, and More: Healthline: https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/mullein-tea

COVID-19 part 2

   
     This post may be a bit of a departure from my normal style, but I figured that unusual times call for unusual postings. With all the questions that have been coming my way, and all the people who have been asking my advice, I decided to gather together a good bit of my research and thoughts here. I apologize as this may be a bit long-winded. With that in mind, I’ve broken things up into two separate posts. This is the second post in this series. The first post covered what this Coronavirus is and the symptoms. This post will be about prevention and some possible herbal support.

     If you haven’t read the previous post, you can find it here. It goes into more detail about the virus itself.

     Though I have a general disclaimer on this blog, I just want to reiterate that I am not a medical doctor. I do not work in the medical field. I am an herbalist and have a background in nutrition, not infectious disease. If you feel you may have become infected, please call your medical service provider to ask for further advice.

     Once again for those in the back...If you are sick and think you may be infected, call your doctor for advice and testing.

     Now, with that out of the way, lets move on to something that may be of use.

What can we do to prevent infection?

     This virus is new to our species. Unfortunately this means that our immune systems are confused by it. So what can we do to try and perk up our immunity and make it a little bit more ready to fight back?

Don’t over do it on the quarantine cocktails! 

     Excessive alcohol use can dampen general immune function. While yes, alcohol can help to kill the virus, we’re not talking about sanitizing our hands here. When you consume alcohol it slows down your responses, including immune responses. That isn’t saying that having a glass of red wine at night is a bad idea, it may help you get better sleep. Maybe just don’t consume the whole bottle out of boredom.

Take it easy on those quarantine snacks!

     Sugar is not the best of things for your body in the best of times. It, like alcohol, when consumed in excess, can reduce immune function. So maybe limit yourself to 1 Little Debbie snack a day. Maybe stock up on fruit instead. After all, you’re home right now, so why not go for that home made smoothie?

Cut out the smoking (not just tobacco people).

     This virus attacks the lungs. Smoking, in general, weakens them. We are all aware of how dangerous tobacco can be for our lungs, but most of us aren’t aware that cannabis can be almost as bad when smoked in excess (not that it isn’t a great medicinal). So while you’re sitting on the couch, maybe only hit that joint a little bit (or switch to edibles for the time being) and don’t over indulge..

We are all aware of this next tip, but just to make sure… WASH YOUR HANDS!

     This virus can survive on a number of surfaces for hours. You never know what you’ll pick up on your supply runs. Washing your hands can go a long way.

Eat right, drink often, get some sunlight, and get some rest

     Vitamins D and C, as well as Zinc are great for improving immune function. Make sure you are getting enough of these valuable vitamins and minerals either from your food, or from sunlight. Staying hydrated is also super important. When we are dehydrated, our immune function is compromised. Drinking enough water can help you stay healthy.

Herbs and other recommendations

     Drinking herbal teas is a great way to stay hydrated. So why not choose some herbs that boost your immune system and that tone your respiratory system.  Chai is a great blend of herbs, all of which help to boost immunity and most of which help to improve the respiratory system as well. Also consider using peppermint, thyme, mullein, licorice, marshmallow, chamomile, and lavender. You can also drink teas made from adaptogens, such as tulsi, to help you manage the stress you’re experiencing right now. Also, since you are likely eating more home-cooked meals right now, consider adding some extra spices to it. Culinary spices such as thyme, oregano, garlic, onion, ginger, cinnamon, and turmeric (as well as blends such as herbs de province or garam masala) can be great immune boosters.

Let’s talk Hand Sanitizers for a moment.

     In general, hand sanitizers are antibacterial and not specifically antiviral. Not to say that it’s not good practice to use them, just that they may not be as effective as most people believe. Granted, the viral envelope (the cell walls of the virus cells) of COVID-19 are susceptible to alcohol, you have to have a minimum of 60% alcohol in your sanitizer for it to be effective at all. Studies have shown that this virus is actually more susceptible to regular soap and thymol. Thymol is the active chemical found in the herbs Thyme and Oregano, and is extracted in the process of making essential oils. If you’re going to make your own soap and/or hand sanitizer, consider adding in a few drops of Thyme or Oregano essential oils to make it more effective. The EPA, FDA, and CDC all recommend that any homemade hand sanitizer be made with high proof alcohol (rubbing alcohol or everclear), and if you want to include essential oils, you want to use one that has a minimum of 0.25% thymol. Essential oil of thyme has around 30% thymol while essential oil of oregano has about 5-10%, so you may have to use more of that if you choose to use oregano. Also, concentrations of thymol can vary from batch to batch, Benchmark Thyme attempts to standardize these concentrations.

What herbs and preparations should you take if you show symptoms?

     Once again, I am not a medical doctor. If you believe you are infected, please call your doctor for advice and testing.

     The following recommendations are all things I might do before calling my doctor, but once I talk to my doctor I recommend following all of his/her instructions and leaving off these herbs if that is what they recommend. If you follow these recommendations, make sure you tell your doctor about them so that they are aware of what is going on.

Bidens

     There are 230 to 240 known Bidens species, the two most commonly found in Florida are B. alba and B. pilosa. Bidens is best known as a weed, but it’s one of my favorite herbs. Not only is it super nutritious, and tasty, it’s also my go-to herb for dry coughs. That’s why I immediately think of Bidens when I’m thinking about COVID-19. It’s most distinct symptom is a dry cough. It’s also an excellent mucus membrane tonic as it not only removes pain, but also heals the tissue. Which is another point in it’s favor for use against this virus. It is also a great anti-malarial herb. Granted, malaria is not a virus, but it does have a lot of the same symptoms. Also, a few of the most promising medications that seem to have an effect on the Coronavirus are malaria medications, so there may be another connection.
     When I take Bidens for any length of time I try to use it as a tincture (alcohol), with a small amount of black pepper to help act as a catalyst. I use a 1:5 ratio (dry herb/menstruum) using 9 parts Bidens and 1 part Black Pepper (if you have gastro-intestinal issues you might want to leave out the pepper and just use bidens). For dosage, I recommend starting with 2 ml, 3 times a day when you start showing symptoms.
     Cautions and warnings: Bidens is generally considered safe, however this herb does effect your blood pressure and blood sugar. So use caution if you have issues with either.

Tulsi

     Ocimum tenuiflorum, or Tulsi is another herb I think about in regards to this illness. However, this herb is not so much for the virus as it is to help mitigate the stress you are under. I recommend this herb to absolutely everyone. It tastes great and helps us manage our stress so much better. Just holding a warm cup of Tusli tea can help calm me down on a high-stress day. However, it also has benefits that may work specifically against COVID-19. Tulsi is a respiratory herb, helping to relieve symptoms of typical colds and flu. It also helps to reduce fevers. All around it’s a great herb for Coronavirus.
     I recommend drinking tulsi tea often (1-2 tsp of dry herb in a coffee mug full of hot water, allow to steep, covered, for 20+ minutes). At least 1 cup an hour, warm is best but not 100% necessary.
     Cautions and warnings: This herb is generally considered safe, however this herb does effect your blood pressure and blood sugar. So use caution if you have issues with either.

Marshmallow

     No, not the candy. Althaea officinalis, commonly known as Marshmallow, is one of my favorite demulcents. Demulcents help to moisten and soothe dry, inflamed tissues. COVID-19 is characterized by starting off with a dry cough. This leads me to think that a demulcent may be a great herb. This herb is also specifically great for dry cough.
     I recommend preparing a cold, overnight infusion (put 1 oz of marshmallow root in a quart of cold water and allow to sit, at room temperature, 8 hours or overnight) with this herb and drinking the infusion throughout the day and as needed for cough. You can also make a cough syrup using marshmallow root and raw honey.
     Cautions and warnings: Talk to your doctor if you’re taking other medications before starting marshmallow root, as it’s been found to interact with lithium and diabetes drugs. It can also coat the stomach and interfere with absorption of other medications.

Wormwood

     I recently read that some current studies have been showing that Artemisia annua, or Sweet Wormwood, may be effective against COVID-19. The only thing I can think is that it is also effective against malaria, so this may be a good herb to fight the symptoms, since COVID-19 and malaria do have some similar symptoms, including fever.
     I would recommend taking this as a tincture. 1:5 ratio (dry herb/menstruum), drop 10 drops into a glass of water and drink 3 times a day.
     Cautions and warnings: The FDA lists wormwood unsafe for internal use due to the toxicity of thujone oil. However, it’s considered to be safe when taken by mouth in the amounts commonly found in food and beverages, including bitters and vermouth, as long as these products are thujone-free. Using wormwood for longer than four weeks or at higher than recommended doses may lead to nausea, vomiting , restlessness, insomnia, vertigo, tremors and seizures.

Diaphoretic Herbs

     This classification of herbs includes a number of herbs that help to induce sweating. This generally helps to break fevers. Some diaphoretic herbs include Yarrow, Peppermint, Ginger, Fennel, and Chamomile. However I think I would, personally, choose a combination of Lavender and Catnip. Lavender (Lavandula augustifolia or Lavendula officinalis) will help reduce pain and inflammation as well as providing some much needed calm. It will also help you sleep and sleep is one of the best things you can do when your sick. Catnip (Nepeta cataria) has a long history of use in breaking fevers, but in addition, it is also great at gently easing muscle aches. Both of these herbs are also in the mint family, which is a family known for their use in respiratory conditions, which is another thing in their favor for use against Coronavirus.
    I would mix these herbs with your other preparations. For instance, I would put Lavender and Catnip in a tea with Tulsi.

Expectorants

     Expectorants help to open up the chest and expel the mucus that may collect in the lungs. Many of these are warming and spicy, such as ginger, fenugreek, thyme, and fennel. I mentioned above that this virus seems to be susceptible to thymol, which is found in the herb Thyme. Thyme and Ginger would be the two expectorants I would choose to fight against COVID-19. Thyme (Thymus vulgaris) will help to expel the mucus and hopefully fight the virus directly as well. Ginger (Zingiber officinale) is also a diaphoretic, so it is another dual purpose herb, helping to expel mucus and fight the accompanying fever.
     These herbs I would actually recommend to be added to broths (preferably bone broth). Not only would they improve the flavor of the broth, but the broth itself has healing properties. Also, the more liquids you can consume, the better, to keep you from becoming dehydrated. I would add 1 tsp of dried thyme to each bowl of broth, or 2 slices of fresh ginger. Allow the broth and herbs to steep for 20 minutes or more before consuming.

Lymphatic Herbs

     The lymphatic system is super important for immunity, so we should not neglect it in times of sickness. I recommend herbs such as Chickweed (Stellaria media), Polyporus (Polyporus umbellatus), and Reishi (Ganoderma lucidum) are great herbs to help improve lymphatic function.
     I would honestly add at least one of these three to each of my preparations (except the marshmallow, I think that’s best on it’s own). Maybe throw some chickweed into my tulsi tea and make my broths with both of the mushrooms.

Hot Showers and Steams

     Roughly 1/3 of the people who are afflicted with COVID-19 are reporting sputum (thick mucus in the lungs) production. Steam helps to keep this mucus from drying out. Add a few drops of essential oils to help open up those airways and soothe the throat. I recommend Peppermint, Thyme, and/or Eucalyptus (avoid this one if you are prone to seizures) essential oils.

Don’t Neglect Your Recovery!

     Americans are so ready to go and get things done that they often neglect the importance of the recovery phase, post illness. The most important thing is to be gentle with yourself as you are still weak and feeling the effects of your illness.

Gentle Tonic Herbs

     Tonic herbs help improve your overall health. These are great herbs to call on during your recovery period. Look to herbs such as Astragalus (Astragalus propinquus) and Reishi (Ganoderma lucidum) to help support your health during these times.

Lung Support

     Remember, this virus attacks the lungs. Your lungs will be weak for a while after your illness. Make sure to support them and help get them back to full health. Herbs that may be great for this include Mullein (Verbascum thapsu), Astragalus (Astragalus propinquus), Thyme (Thymus vulgaris), Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra), and Peppermint (Mentha piperita).




     This is where I will end this series. If you have any questions or comments, please leave them down below. Follow me on Facebook (Bat Lady Herbals) and Instagram (BatLadyHerbalist) for updates on my adventures in Nature. Find me on YouTube and check out my videos! I also have a few things up on Teespring, check it out! Also, if you like what I do and what to see more, Become a Patron!

Resources: 

Coronavirus Alternative Treatments, Can Traditional Chinese Herbs and Treatments Help?: Medicine Net: https://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=228775

COVID-19, One Herbalist’s Thoughts on the Coronapocylapse: Eclectic School of Herbal Medicine: https://www.eclecticschoolofherbalmedicine.com/covid-19/?fbclid=IwAR2chq5q82xmxIdCDGbtwE1I77_E1vQoPJOTDJEsQ041LSuSLjjYs3GC6W4

COVID-19, 5 Reasons to be Cautiously Hopeful: Medical News Today: https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/covid-19-5-reasons-to-be-cautiously-hopeful

List of Personal Things You Can Do To Stay Well in a Time of COVID 19: Rupa Marya, MD: https://medium.com/@radiorupa/list-of-personal-things-you-can-do-to-stay-well-in-a-time-of-covid19-cd10ff0df106

Pantry Medicine for When The Plague is Upon Us: Wonder Botanica: http://wonderbotanica.com/newsletter-archive/pantry-medicine?fbclid=IwAR3Lgtv1Icdt7IdSm6z5Nj0rLwDCEKguQ-Cr8nMLzXPjDgWk8MGmNAIhNNk

Traditional Chinese Medicine & COVID-19:WVTF Virginia’s Public Radio:https://www.wvtf.org/post/traditional-chinese-medicine-covid-19#stream/0

The World Health Organization Backs Call to Avoid Ibuprofen for Coronavirus: The Jerusalem Post: https://www.jpost.com/HEALTH-SCIENCE/World-Health-Organization-backs-call-to-avoid-ibuprofen-for-coronavirus-621408?fbclid=IwAR1V4lFRjETb_hNgPVR6qmN2Rj0nN1KmSQxqTNCK3rNR9_OL4iud75eqdCM

COVID-19 part 1

   
     This post may be a bit of a departure from my normal style, but I figured that unusual times call for unusual postings. With all the questions that have been coming my way, and all the people who have been asking my advice, I decided to gather together a good bit of my research and thoughts here. I apologize as this may be a bit long-winded. With that in mind, I’ve broken things up into two separate posts. This post will cover what this Coronavirus is and the symptoms. My next post will be about prevention and some possible herbal support. If you want to skip forward, you can do that here.

What is COVID-19?

     Well, unless you’ve been living under a rock, or on another planet, everyone is aware that we are in the middle of a Global Pandemic. Most of us know, by now, that COVID-19 originated in China. Most of us are also aware that it is a virus that jumped from animal to human. There is a similarity between COVID-19 and two other virus strains found in animals, a 96% similarity between a virus from a horseshoe bat sample collected in Yunnan, and 90% similarity to a virus carried by pangolins. From this little bit of information, we can assume that it likely jumped to humans from bats, though it’s possible that it came from pangolins. Also, we know that a traditional soup found in China is made from bats, and that some viruses in the past have made the jump to humans via unsafe consumption of an infected animal (the SARS outbreak of 2002-2004 for example). Thus do I sadly admit that my favorite animal most likely was the culprit.

     According to the CDC, 15%-20% of people with COVID-19 develop a severe infection and require hospitalization. The CDC has done some number crunching and has estimated that between 2.4 million to 21 million people in the United States could require hospitalization. Most people will recover, with adequate medical treatment. However, a greater problem is that there are only about 925,000 staffed hospital beds, and less than 100,000 ICU beds, about half of which are already being used. The U.S. has 2.8 hospital beds per 1,000 people. That’s fewer than in Italy (3.2), China (4.3) and South Korea (12.3), all of which have had problems keeping up with the surge in hospitalizations from this pandemic.

     One of the scariest things about this virus is that infected people are most often asymptomatic for up to 14 days. However this is when the virus is most easily spread. Those who don’t know that they are infected are spreading COVID-19 to, at least, 2 other people before they develop symptoms. This can increase cases of infection exponentially, unless we limit contact with others. The other, super scary, thing about this virus is that it is slippery. The term ‘slippery’ is given to viruses who mutate quickly. Believe it or not, the CDC and WHO monitor diseases relatively well. Especially those that are likely to jump from animal to human, because those are the ones we are less likely to have a natural immunity to. When one of these is identified, they pay extra attention to it and keep track of when it does make those jumps. Usually it takes years and years of jumping from animal to human before the disease then jumps from human to human. COVID-19 took about 2 weeks.

     Who’s at risk? We all are at risk for infection, however most people will recover without any permanent damage. The people more likely to not be in that majority are the elderly, people with compromised immune systems, and those with chronic illness (diabetes, heart conditions, etc). Also, people who have weak lungs (asthmatics, smokers, etc) are at a higher risk for complications.

     I have heard this virus referred to as a “lung eater.” And while that’s not 100% accurate, it is a pretty good description. Deaths from COVID-19 typically stem from pneumonia. Most pneumonia is bacterial in origin and can be treated with antibiotics. This one, however, is viral. Antibiotics do not necessarily work on viral pneumonia. But how does it develop into pneumonia? The virus enters in through the airways. A microscopic view of the virus reveals spikes all around the cell walls. These spikes attach to the cilia found in the lungs and respiratory tract. The cilia usually work to keep the airways clear of mucus and dirt, allowing us to breathe easily and without irritation. COVID-19 attaches to the cilia and infects them. Causing them to become inflamed. This in turn irritates the nerves in the lining of the airway. They become so inflamed that just a speck of dust can stimulate a cough. If the infection goes past just the lining of the airway and goes to the gas exchange units, which are at the end of the air passages, it triggers another inflammatory response and our lungs begin pouring out inflammatory material into the air sacs that are at the bottom of our lungs. If this continues, it’ll cause those air sacs to become inflamed which then causes the lungs to fill up with inflammatory material which then becomes pneumonia. Another way that COVID-19 pneumonia is different from other pneumonia is that it tends to affect all the lungs, where the majority of pneumonia cases only affect parts of the lungs at a time.

     COVID-19 patients are often described as having flu-like symptoms. However, the symptoms are slightly different from the typical cold, flu, and/or allergy symptoms one might come across this time of year. Symptoms of COVID-19 include fever, a dry cough, fatigue, shortness of breath, sputum production (thick mucus in the lungs), muscle or joint pain, sore throat, headache, chills, nausea or vomiting. How can you distinguish COVID-19 symptoms from the others? The cold and flu do not usually include shortness of breath or difficulty breathing. Allergies do not typically come with a fever.

     If you are coming down with a respiratory illness, remember that it isn’t necessarily COVID-19. There are plenty of other bugs around, particularly this time of year. If you do contract COVID-19, your symptoms will likely remain quite mild. Don’t panic and try to avoid heading to the emergency room unless your symptoms become severe. Feel free to call your health care practitioner of choice and ask them for advice.

     There is a silver lining. The majority of patients are recovering without any permanent damage to their lungs. Treatments are becoming more and more effective each and every day. And medical research is coming closer to a vaccine. There is also talk of other treatments. I know some European countries have been using a pneumonia vaccine on COVID-19 patients, helping to mitigate the worst of the effects. Some countries have been using remedies that worked on SARS, a related virus, and are having some measure of success with those. The most exciting news, however, comes from France where a malaria medication (chloroquine phosphate) had an 80% success rate in curing COVID-19 in a small trial. There has been a few negative issues regarding this treatment, predominantly with those who are using it to self medicate, without the supervision of trained medical personnel. However, it shows that this virus can be beat.

     Living in Florida, I have had the good fortune of not seeing a large number of people getting sick. However, our governor has taken amazing precautions. Florida is both a high-risk state and one that is not likely to fall victim to a huge outbreak. Humidity helps to slow the spread of COVID-19, and even though it is the dry season, and we’ve had even less rain than normal, we are known for being one of the more humid states. However, the vast majority of our population is over the age of 60 and at high risk. Social distancing, curfews, and bar closures should help reduce the chances that people will be infected which will help our hospitals stay on top of the spread of this virus.


     This is where I will pause, my next post will be on prevention and herbal support. If you have any questions or comments, please leave them down below. Follow me on Facebook (Bat Lady Herbals) and Instagram (BatLadyHerbalist) for updates on my adventures in Nature. Find me on YouTube and check out my videos! I also have a few things up on Teespring, check it out! Also, if you like what I do and what to see more, Become a Patron!

Resources: 

Coronavirus Alternative Treatments, Can Traditional Chinese Herbs and Treatments Help?: Medicine Net: https://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=228775

COVID-19, One Herbalist’s Thoughts on the Coronapocylapse: Eclectic School of Herbal Medicine: https://www.eclecticschoolofherbalmedicine.com/covid-19/?fbclid=IwAR2chq5q82xmxIdCDGbtwE1I77_E1vQoPJOTDJEsQ041LSuSLjjYs3GC6W4

COVID-19, 5 Reasons to be Cautiously Hopeful: Medical News Today: https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/covid-19-5-reasons-to-be-cautiously-hopeful

List of Personal Things You Can Do To Stay Well in a Time of COVID 19: Rupa Marya, MD: https://medium.com/@radiorupa/list-of-personal-things-you-can-do-to-stay-well-in-a-time-of-covid19-cd10ff0df106

Pantry Medicine for When The Plague is Upon Us: Wonder Botanica: http://wonderbotanica.com/newsletter-archive/pantry-medicine?fbclid=IwAR3Lgtv1Icdt7IdSm6z5Nj0rLwDCEKguQ-Cr8nMLzXPjDgWk8MGmNAIhNNk

Traditional Chinese Medicine & COVID-19:WVTF Virginia’s Public Radio:https://www.wvtf.org/post/traditional-chinese-medicine-covid-19#stream/0

The World Health Organization Backs Call to Avoid Ibuprofen for Coronavirus: The Jerusalem Post: https://www.jpost.com/HEALTH-SCIENCE/World-Health-Organization-backs-call-to-avoid-ibuprofen-for-coronavirus-621408?fbclid=IwAR1V4lFRjETb_hNgPVR6qmN2Rj0nN1KmSQxqTNCK3rNR9_OL4iud75eqdCM

Oxalis

     There are a few plants that I grew up eating, only finding out later in life that they are also medicinal. This one is especially good for the Spring time, as it’s often mistaken for clover (I don’t really know how as the leaves and flowers appear completely different to me) and is also commonly referred to as Florida’s Shamrock. This plant also flowers around Easter every year, though here in Central Florida it’s almost always flowering.

     There are over 850 species in the family Oxalidaceae. This family consists of five genera of herbaceous plants, small shrubs, and trees, with the great majority of the species being in the genus Oxalis (wood sorrels). Members of this family typically have divided leaves, the leaflets showing "sleep movements", spreading open in light and closing in darkness. There are at least seven species in Florida, all edible, (three of them rare) and they have either pink or yellow blossoms. The seven more common species found in Florida are O. articulata, corniculata, debilis, latifolia, macrantha, triangularis and violacea. The rare ones are O. articulata, triangularis, and violacea, I recommend that you avoid wildcrafting and/or foraging those as the other four are readily available and interchangeably used. All parts are edible including the root bulb, which is succulent and sweet. Above ground it tastes quite lemony and can be used to make a drink similar to lemonade.

Check out this video from Eat The Weeds

Check out a companion video all about Oxalis!

 

Medicinal Uses:

Common Names- There are a number of species used world wide, some of the more commonly used common names for these species include: Common Yellow Woodsorrel, Creeping Lady’s Sorrel, Creeping Oxalis, Creeping Wood Sorrel, Fairy Bells, Indian Penny Wood, Indian Sorrel, Procumbent Yellow Sorrel, Shamrock, Sleeping Beauty, Sour Grass, Soursob, Tufted Yellow Wood Sorrel, Woodsorrel, Wood Sorrel

Scientific Name- Oxalis spp. There are over 500 species. Some of the more commonly used species include: O. acetosella, articulata, bushii, corniculata (previously known as stricta), debilis (previously known as corymbosa), latifolia, macrantha, pes-caprae, purpurea, regnellii, triangularis, tuberosa, and violacea. 

Edibility-  All parts are edible including the root bulb, which is succulent and sweet. The delicate leaves of this weed have a sour, citrus-like taste and is ideal for salads and for use as a garnish. However it wilts quickly and should be used soon after picking. The flowers are also edible. I am also partial to adding the leaves and flowers to my omelets, soups, and using it as a pot herb. Wood sorrel in particular should not be eaten in large quantities (we’re talking multiple pounds in one sitting...quite hard to accomplish, but possible) because of its high oxalic acid content, which can be poisonous in large amounts and has been linked to kidney stones. However, the quantity of oxalic acid will be reduced if the leaves are cooked. The dried plant can be used as a curdling agent for plant milks

Nutrition Information- The entire plant is edible and is rich source of Vitamin C, Vitamin A, and Potassium. The important phytochemical constituents isolated from the plant are flavonoids, tannins, phytosterols, phenol, glycosides, fatty acids, galacto-glycero lipid and volatile oils.

Summary of Actions- Anodyne, Antiscorbutic, Astringent, Diuretic, Emmenagogue, Expectorant, Febrifuge, Irritant, Refrigerant, Stomachic, Anti-inflammatory, Anxiolytic, Anticonvulsant, Antifungal, Antiulcer, Antinociceptive, Anticancer, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Hypolipidemic, Abortifacient, and Antimicrobial.

Energetics and Flavors- Sour, Tart, Cold, Moistening

Parts Used- Leaves, Flowers, Seeds, Immature Green Seed Pods, and Tubers

Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM)- Known as Cu Jiang Cao, Oxalis works on the Stomach, Bladder, and Lung Meridians. It clears Heat and supports Stomach Yin, which makes it useful for fevers, thirst, sore throat, cold sores, headache, and prevents scurvy. It also clears damp heat, which means it is good for sinusitis, congestion, headaches, diarrhea, dysentery, jaundice, kidney stones, gravel, and herpes. Oxalis also stops bleeding.

Ayurveda- Called Changeri in Ayurvedic Traditions, Oxalis is used for treating stomach and liver problems including abdominal tumors, piles, leprosy, and dysentery. It balances vata and kapha doshas. It’s sour in taste, and hot in potency, which aggravates pitta dosha.

Domestic and Other Traditional Uses- Red to brown, orange, and yellow dyes can be obtained from this plant. In Canada, it’s used as a weed for glasshouses. The juice of the leaves removes iron mould stains from linen

High in Vitamin C- Because of it’s high levels of Vitamin C, Oxalis is a traditional treatment for Scurvy, a disease that results from Vitamin C deficiency.

Fevers & Flu- It's cooling action appears to help reduce the discomfort of fevers when taken in a tea made at 1 ounce of herb to 1 pint of water.

Cardiovascular System- Useful as a general Cardio-tonic and blood cleanser. 

Skin & Wound Care- Externally, the leaves are crushed and applied locally to dispel boils and abscesses, they also have an astringent affect on wounds. The leaves also provide some benefits when made into an ointment for cuts, scrapes, rashes, and skin infections.

Digestive Issues- strengthen a weak stomach, produce an appetite, check vomiting, and remove obstructions of the viscera.

Mouth Sores & Ulcers- Taken as a gargle it also seems to have some effect on mouth sores or ulcers.

Cautions, Contraindications, and Warnings- This plant is high in Oxalic Acid, those prone to kidney stones, and those afflicted with gout, rheumatism, and hyperacidity may want to avoid using this herb medicinally.

Do Not Use With Metals- Do not cook sorrel in cast iron or aluminum cookware. The oxalic acid in the plant reacts with the metals to produce a metallic flavor.  When using aluminum, the acids in sorrel may allow potentially toxic quantities of aluminum ions to leak from the cookware.






     I only included a basic introduction to this amazing, often overlooked, plant. If you have any questions or comments please leave them below. Follow me on Facebook and Instagram or updates on my adventures in Nature. Find me on YouTube and check out my videos! I also have a few things up on Teespring, check it out! Also, if you like what I do and what to see more, Become a Patron!

Resources:

Acetosella, Wood Sorrel: Medicine Traditions: https://www.medicinetraditions.com/acetosella-wood-sorrel.html

Changeri (Oxalis corniculata): Planet Ayurveda: https://www.planetayurveda.com/library/changeri-oxalis-corniculata/

Edible Weeds that are Safe to Eat and How to Use Them: ABC Health & Wellbeing: https://www.abc.net.au/news/health/2016-05-12/edible-weeds-and-how-you-can-use-them/7406004

Florida’s Native Shamrocks: Florida Native Plant Society: http://fnpsblog.blogspot.com/2012/03/oxalis-corniculata-floridas-lucky.html

Flower Friday- Creeping Woodsorrel: Florida Wildflower Foundation: https://flawildflowers.org/flower-friday-oxalis-corniculata/

Garden Sorrel (Cu Jiang Cao): White Rabbit Institute of Healing: https://www.whiterabbitinstituteofhealing.com/herbs/garden-sorrel/

Important Medicinal Facts About Changeri (Oxalis corniculata): Central Council for Research in Ayurvedic Scinces: http://ccras.nic.in/content/important-medicinal-facts-about-changeri-oxalis-corniculata-l

Medicinal Uses of Oxalis (Wood Sorrel): Gardens Ablaze: http://www.gardensablaze.com/HerbOxalisMed.htm

Oxalis: Atlas of Florida Plants: https://florida.plantatlas.usf.edu/Genus.aspx?id=876

Oxalis acetosella: Plants for a Future: https://pfaf.org/user/plant.aspx?latinname=Oxalis+acetosella

Oxalis corniculata: Always Ayurveda: https://www.alwaysayurveda.com/oxalis-corniculata/

Oxalis corniculata: Florida Native Plant Society: https://www.fnps.org/plants/plant/oxalis-corniculata

Oxalis corniculata: Plants for a Future: https://pfaf.org/user/plant.aspx?LatinName=Oxalis+corniculata

Oxalis corniculata: Useful Tropical Plants: http://tropical.theferns.info/viewtropical.php?id=Oxalis+corniculata

Oxalis- How to Drown Your Sorrels: Eat The Weeds: http://www.eattheweeds.com/oxalis-how-to-drown-your-sorrels/

Oxalis or Wood Sorrel: Julia’s Edible Weeds: http://www.juliasedibleweeds.com/general/oxalis-wood-sorrel/

Oxalis stricta: Ladybird Johnson Wildflower Center: https://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=OXST

Sorrel, Wood: A Modern Herbal: https://botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/s/sorwoo68.html

Wood Sorrel: Natural Medicinal Herbs: http://www.naturalmedicinalherbs.net/herbs/o/oxalis-acetosella=wood-sorrel.php

Wood Sorrel: WebMD: https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-228/wood-sorrel

Wood Sorrel: Wild Edible: https://www.wildedible.com/wild-food-guide/wood-sorrel

Wood Sorrel: Wild Food UK: https://www.wildfooduk.com/edible-wild-plants/wood-sorrel/

Wood Sorrel- A Nutritious Edible Weed: Dengarden: https://dengarden.com/gardening/oxalis

Wood Sorrel (Cu Jiang Cao): White Rabbit Institute of Healing: https://www.whiterabbitinstituteofhealing.com/herbs/wood-sorrel/

Wood Sorrel- Oxalis stricta: Edible Wild Food: https://www.ediblewildfood.com/wood-sorrel.aspx

Yellow Sorrel: Natural Medicinal Herbs: http://www.naturalmedicinalherbs.net/herbs/o/oxalis-corniculata=yellow-sorrel.php

4 Thieves Vinegar

What Is Four Thieves Vinegar?: A vinegar based tincture of herbs thought to cure, treat, and/or prevent the Bubonic plague. In modern day, it’s used to boost the immune system, repel insects (including the fleas that spread the plague), and as a condiment.

A Little History: There are a number of different versions of the origin of this traditional remedy, but they all share the same basic points. I’ll summarize them here. When the Bubonic plague was sweeping through Europe, there arose a group of grave robbers and thieves that covered their bodies and doused their face masks in an herbal vinegar with strong antibacterial and antiviral properties in order to keep themselves from contracting the plague. Initially no one worried about the grave robbers and thieves who stole into the houses in the dark of moonless nights to rob victims of the Black Death as, the townspeople assumed, the plague would inevitably infect and kill the thieves, too. But it didn’t. The thieves continued to assail the homes and graves of the dead with impunity until they were finally caught in the middle of their act, tried, and set to be burned at the stake. Astonished by the thieves’ immunity and seemingly indifferent attitude toward the plague that devastated the community so severely, the judges offered the thieves a bargain: in exchange for releasing the cause of their immunity, the thieves would be hanged instead of burned at the stake – a less brutal and more quick end. The thieves acquiesced and surrendered the recipe for their elixir, and the legend has continued to grow since then.

What Is That Recipe?: No one really knows the original recipe, and many recipes for Four Thieves Vinegar abound. Though a recipe written by Jean Valnet, a renowned aromatherapist and herbalist of the early 20th century, may resemble the original more closely than any other. He calls for vinegar, wormwood, meadow sweet, juniper, marjoram, sage, cloves, horse heal, angelica, rosemary, horehound and camphor. Valnet calls for steeping these herbs in vinegar for six weeks before decanting, for a lighter flavor some people only steep the herbs for only seven days.

Does It Work?:  While this traditional remedy may or may not have helped grave robbers and thieves to stave off the plague that ravaged Europe centuries ago, it seems modern herbalists and gardeners have revived the interest in this garden remedy. Many herbalists use it as a cleansing agent – transferring it to a spray bottle and using it to clean and sterilize kitchen counters or bathrooms; indeed, many of the herbs possess strong antimicrobial effects and vinegar, in any case, makes an excellent natural cleanser. Others recommend using Four Thieves Vinegar in personal care, diluted with water of course, as a cleansing agent for the skin or as an astringent. Among neo-Pagan circles, Four Thieves Vinegar is thought to have protective qualities and some swear that if you dress your doorstep with the vinegar, it’ll keep your enemies away. As to preventing the Plague, many people attribute it’s abilities to a combination of the immune boosting, antiviral, and antibacterial properties of the herbs and the bonus fact that many of the herbs used in the recipes also drive away pests such as fleas, which are the currently known way that the plague is spread.

The Basics of The Recipe: Really and truly, there are so many versions of this recipe that you can customize it almost endlessly. All you need to do is use a good quality Apple Cider Vinegar as your base (though some recipes call for other vinegars, I think this one has the most antibacterial and beneficial qualities), crush up a few cloves of garlic (crushing the garlic releases the antibacterial properties, though you may notice that your garlic turns blue after a few days in the vinegar, this is a natural process and does not indicate it’s gone bad), and throw in a handful of herbs. Herbs that are traditionally used include lavender, rosemary, mint, sage, marjoram, anise hyssop, wormwood, meadow sweet, juniper, cloves, horse heal, angelica, horehound, camphor, thyme, black pepper, cinnamon, rue, cayenne, chili pepper, coriander, plantain, and lemon balm. Though I’m sure there are more herbs that could be used. Some people recommend using only 4 herbs, one for each thief, and others just throw in however many they feel like using.

Four Thieves Vinegar

2 tbsp Lavender

2 tbsp Rosemary

2 tbsp Mint

2 tbsp Sage

2 tbsp Juniper Berry

2 tbsp Lemon Balm

4 cloves Garlic (peeled and crushed)

4 cups raw Apple Cider Vinegar

Instructions:
Toss herbs and garlic together in a one-quart mason jar, cover with vinegar and place them in a cool, dark location. After a minimum of seven days (you get more medicinal benefits after 6 weeks), strain the vinegar through a fine-mesh sieve into a second, clean 1-quart glass jar.


Some Ideas for Variations: In all these variations use 4-8 cloves of garlic, 4 cups of apple cider vinegar, and equal portions of the suggested herbs.
A Bitter Formula: Wormwood, Rue, Anise Hyssop, and Juniper
(this recipe would be great for your digestion, take a dropperful 15 minutes before eating
to improve digestion and prevent stomach problems)
A Great Salad Dressing: Lemon Balm, Thyme, Rosemary, and Coriander
(this recipe tastes great and is also good for digestion)
A Spicy Adventure: Cayenne, Chili Pepper, and Black Pepper
(this recipe will help clear upper respiratory illness, break fever, and makes a great marinade)


You can also feel free to add in any herbs you may feel like. Elderberry or Hibiscus may be beneficial to the formula, adding in extra immune boosting properties. Hawthorne and ginger may help to improve heart health. Mix up your own recipe, try new formulas. Feel free to post any questions, comments, and/or observations in the comments down below. Follow me on Facebook and Instagram or updates on my adventures in Nature. Find me on YouTube and check out my videos! I also have a few things up on Teespring, check it out! Also, if you like what I do and what to see more, Become a Patron!

Resources:

The Noursihed Kitchen: https://nourishedkitchen.com/four-thieves-vinegar-recipe/
Adventures in Making: http://adventures-in-making.com/recipe-the-legendary-four-thieves-vinegar/
Farmer’s Almanac: https://www.farmersalmanac.com/four-thieves-vinegar-35968
Magical Recipes Online: https://www.magicalrecipesonline.com/2012/08/how-to-make-and-use-four-thieves-vinegar.html
Common Sense Home: https://commonsensehome.com/thieves-vinegar/
Learn Religions: https://www.learnreligions.com/four-thieves-vinegar-2562515
The Herbal Academy: https://theherbalacademy.com/diy-four-thieves%E2%93%87-vinegar/
Tipnut: https://tipnut.com/four-thieves/